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Economics and Public Finance

HR 1 · 119th CongressEnacted

Latest updateJul 4, 2025

Became Public Law No: 119-21.

Economics and Public Finance

Sponsor

Jodey Arrington

Introduced

May 20, 2025

Latest action

July 4, 2025

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Introduced

Bill filed in chamber

Committee

Reviewed & reported

Passed Chamber

House or Senate vote

Passed Both

House & Senate agree

President

Sent to White House

Enacted

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Plain-Language Summary

AI Generated

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), administered by the Department of Agriculture, currently provides food assistance to low-income households based on income thresholds and asset limits. Work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents exist but contain exemptions and time limits. The program's benefit levels are calculated using the Thrifty Food Plan, a USDA model of minimum nutritional adequacy. Current law allows certain utility costs to be deducted from income when determining eligibility, and states can request waivers from federal work requirements under specific conditions. The program also permits internet and phone expenses as allowable costs in some circumstances.

H.R. 1 directs the Department of Agriculture to re-evaluate the Thrifty Food Plan methodology and adjust SNAP benefit calculations accordingly. The bill modifies work requirements for able-bodied adults by restricting exemptions and reducing time-limit waivers that states may request. It eliminates the standard utility allowance deduction in most cases, requiring households to document actual energy assistance receipt to claim deductions. The bill prohibits SNAP funds from covering internet and phone expenses. Additionally, it increases the matching funds states must contribute to administer SNAP and raises the share of administrative costs states must bear, shifting more financial responsibility to state budgets.

These changes take effect at varying dates, with some provisions applying to the next fiscal year and others phased in over time. The bill provides no new federal funding to offset state cost-sharing increases, meaning states must redirect existing resources or reduce other programs. The re-evaluation of the Thrifty Food Plan could lower benefit amounts if the new methodology determines lower nutritional costs. Stricter work requirements and reduced utility deductions will narrow eligibility or reduce benefits for some households. States with high energy costs or significant populations of working poor may face particular budget pressures from increased matching requirements.

Key Provisions

1Directs the Department of Agriculture to re-evaluate the Thrifty Food Plan and adjust SNAP benefit calculations based on revised nutritional standards and cost estimates.
2Modifies work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents by restricting state waivers and reducing exemptions, requiring more recipients to meet work obligations.
3Eliminates the standard utility allowance deduction for most SNAP recipients and requires documentation of actual energy assistance to claim any utility deduction.
4Prohibits the use of SNAP benefits for internet and phone expenses, removing these items from allowable costs in the program.
5Increases state matching fund requirements and administrative cost-sharing obligations, shifting more program financing responsibility from the federal government to individual states.

★ Why this matters

Benefit amounts for millions of SNAP recipients could decline if the re-evaluated Thrifty Food Plan determines lower nutritional costs. Stricter work requirements will disqualify some households from assistance or reduce their benefits. Elimination of utility deductions will increase the income threshold at which households become ineligible, affecting working families in high-cost regions. States will face higher costs to administer the program, potentially forcing them to reduce other services or seek new revenue. The cumulative effect narrows access to food assistance for low-income households.

● Who this affects

Low-income households receiving SNAP benefits, particularly working poor families, seniors on fixed incomes, and able-bodied adults without dependents. State governments administering SNAP programs, especially those in high-energy-cost regions like the Northeast and Alaska. Nonprofit organizations and food banks that supplement SNAP assistance. Rural households that rely on utility deductions due to higher energy costs. State budget officials who must identify funding sources to cover increased matching requirements.

Bill Text

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H.R.1

                     One Hundred Nineteenth Congress

                                 of the

                        United States of America

                          AT THE FIRST SESSION

           Begun and held at the City of Washington on Friday,
         the third day of January, two thousand and twenty-five

                                 An Act

 
 To provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS.
    The table of contents of this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Table of contents.

       TITLE I--COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION, AND FORESTRY

                          Subtitle A--Nutrition

Sec. 10101. Re-evaluation of thrifty food plan.
Sec. 10102. Modifications to SNAP work requirements for able-bodied 
          adults.
Sec. 10103. Availability of standard utility allowances based on receipt 
          of energy assistance.
Sec. 10104. Restrictions on internet expenses.
Sec. 10105. Matching funds requirements.
Sec. 10106. Administrative cost sharing.
Sec. 10107. National education and obesity prevention grant program.
Sec. 10108. Alien SNAP eligibility.

                          Subtitle B--Forestry

Sec. 10201. Rescission of amounts for forestry.

                         Subtitle C--Commodities

Sec. 10301. Effective reference price; reference price.
Sec. 10302. Base acres.
Sec. 10303. Producer election.
Sec. 10304. Price loss coverage.
Sec. 10305. Agriculture risk coverage.
Sec. 10306. Equitable treatment of certain entities.
Sec. 10307. Payment limitations.
Sec. 10308. Adjusted gross income limitation.
Sec. 10309. Marketing loans.
Sec. 10310. Repayment of marketing loans.
Sec. 10311. Economic adjustment assistance for textile mills.
Sec. 10312. Sugar program updates.
Sec. 10313. Dairy policy updates.
Sec. 10314. Implementation.

                Subtitle D--Disaster Assistance Programs

Sec. 10401. Supplemental agricultural disaster assistance.

                       Subtitle E--Crop Insurance

Sec. 10501. Beginning farmer and rancher benefit.
Sec. 10502. Area-based crop insurance coverage and affordability.
Sec. 10503. Administrative and operating expense adjustments.
Sec. 10504. Premium support.
Sec. 10505. Program compliance and integrity.
Sec. 10506. Reviews, compliance, and integrity.
Sec. 10507. Poultry insurance pilot program.

           Subtitle F--Additional Investments in Rural America

Sec. 10601. Conservation.
Sec. 10602. Supplemental agricultural trade promotion program.
Sec. 10603. Nutrition.
Sec. 10604. Research.
Sec. 10605. Energy.
Sec. 10606. Horticulture.
Sec. 10607. Miscellaneous.

                  TITLE II--COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES

Sec. 20001. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for improving 
          the quality of life for military personnel.
Sec. 20002. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for 
      …

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