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Latest updateJan 14, 2025
Passed/agreed to in House: On passage Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 218 - 206, 1 Present (Roll no. 12). (text: CR H126)

Sponsor
W. Steube
Introduced
January 3, 2025
Latest action
January 15, 2025
How far this bill has traveled through Congress
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Received in the Senate.
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities at institutions receiving federal funding. Currently, the Department of Education enforces Title IX's athletics provisions through guidance and case-by-case determinations, allowing schools flexibility in how they define sex for purposes of athletic eligibility. This approach has led to varying policies across states and institutions, with some schools permitting transgender athletes to compete on teams consistent with their gender identity, while others maintain eligibility based on sex assigned at birth.
This bill amends Title IX to require that sex be recognized solely on the basis of reproductive biology and genetics at birth for all athletic program eligibility determinations. Schools and universities receiving federal funds must prohibit anyone classified as male at birth from participating in athletic programs designated for women or girls. The bill defines athletic programs broadly to include all activities provided conditional on team participation. However, it permits males to train or practice with women's teams provided no female loses a roster spot, practice opportunity, competition slot, scholarship, or admission benefit.
The Comptroller General must conduct a study documenting the psychological, developmental, and sociological effects on girls of allowing males to participate in women's sports, including impacts on roster spots, scholarships, and admission opportunities. The study findings go to Congress. Schools must implement these eligibility rules immediately upon enactment to maintain Title IX compliance and federal funding. The bill creates no new funding mechanism but ties compliance to existing federal education dollars, making enforcement through the Department of Education's existing Title IX oversight structure.
Schools must immediately change how they determine athletic eligibility, shifting from individualized or gender-identity-based determinations to a uniform standard based on sex assigned at birth. This affects team rosters, scholarship allocations, and competition structures across all federally funded schools. The requirement to maintain roster spots and benefits for female athletes creates operational constraints on how schools can structure practice and training arrangements.
Transgender and intersex student-athletes seeking to compete on teams consistent with their gender identity; female student-athletes competing in school sports; school athletic directors and Title IX coordinators implementing new eligibility policies; universities and school districts receiving federal education funding; the Comptroller General and Department of Education enforcing compliance.
<DOC>
119th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. R. 28
AN ACT
To amend the Education Amendments of 1972 to provide that for purposes
of determining compliance with title IX of such Act in athletics, sex
shall be recognized based solely on a person's reproductive biology and
genetics at birth.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Protection of Women and Girls in
Sports Act of 2025''.
SEC. 2. AMENDMENT.
Section 901 of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. 1681) is
amended by adding at the end the following:
``(d)(1) It shall be a violation of subsection (a) for a recipient
of Federal financial assistance who operates, sponsors, or facilitates
athletic programs or activities to permit a person whose sex is male to
participate in an athletic program or activity that is designated for
women or girls.
``(2) For the purposes of this subsection, sex shall be recognized
based solely on a person's reproductive biology and genetics at birth.
``(3) For the purposes of this subsection, the term `athletic
programs and activities' includes, but is not limited to, all programs
or activities that are provided conditional upon participation with any
athletic team.
``(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit a
recipient from permitting males to train or practice with an athletic
program or activity that is designated for women or girls so long as no
female is deprived of a roster spot on a team or sport, opportunity to
participate in a practice or competition, scholarship, admission to an
educational institution, or any other benefit that accompanies
participating in the athletic program or activity.
``(e) The Comptroller General shall carry out a study to determine
the meaning of the phrase `any other benefit' as used in subsection
(d)(4) by looking at benefits to women or girls of participating in
single sex sports that would be lost by allowing males to participate.
The study shall document the adverse psychological, developmental,
participatory, and sociological results to girls of allowing males to
compete, be members of a sports team, or participants in athletic
programs, that are designed for girls, including displacement or
discouragement from sports participation, deprivation of a roster spot
on a team or sport, loss of the opportunity to participate in a
practice or competition, loss of a scholarship or scholarship
opportunities, loss or displacement of admission to an educational
institution, deprivation of the benefit of an environment free of
hostility based on sexual assault or harassment, or any other benefit
that accompanies participating in the athletics progra…Auto-Whip
Built from official statements, public releases, and voting records where they exist. Members without enough evidence are marked as no position.
Members whose public record points toward backing the bill.
Mike Lee
R-Utah
While the public record does not explicitly mention the 'Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025,' Mike Lee's demonstrated policy positions strongly suggest support. The content shows Lee actively cosponsoring the STOP Act banning gender transition procedures on minors and introducing legislation against DEI discrimination. These positions align closely with the typical conservative framing of sports eligibility bills, which center on protecting women's sports opportunities and preventing transgender athlete participation. As a Republican senator from Utah with a record of sponsoring social conservative legislation, Lee's voting pattern on related gender and women's issues indicates he would likely support this bill. The confidence is not higher due to lack of explicit statement about this specific bill.
View official sourceTommy Tuberville
R-Alabama
Senator Tuberville's website explicitly lists 'Protecting Student Athletes & Competition' as a key issue priority. This aligns directly with the Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act's stated purpose. As a former football coach, Tuberville has demonstrated consistent advocacy for student athlete protections and fair competition. His conservative legislative record and inclusion of this issue as a featured policy position strongly suggest support for legislation protecting women and girls in sports. However, confidence is not higher due to the absence of explicit statements about this specific 2025 bill in the provided materials.
View official sourceBernie Moreno
R-Ohio
While the public record does not explicitly mention the Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025, several factors indicate strong support: (1) Moreno is a Republican Senator, and this bill aligns with Republican party platform positions on transgender sports participation; (2) The website demonstrates a pattern of legislative focus on protecting American institutions and addressing what the Senator views as threats to established norms (e.g., banning Chinese vehicles, immigration enforcement); (3) Social conservatism appears consistent with his legislative priorities; (4) As a newly elected Senator (2024), Moreno would likely support mainstream Republican legislative initiatives. However, confidence is not higher because there is no explicit statement or voting record on this specific bill in the provided content.
View official sourceJames Risch
R-Idaho
James Risch is a Republican U.S. Senator from Idaho with a stated platform of 'Putting Families First.' The public record does not contain explicit statements about the Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025. However, based on: (1) his party affiliation - Republicans have generally supported this legislation; (2) his 'Putting Families First' policy platform, which aligns with conservative family values positions; and (3) the typical voting patterns of Republican senators on similar bills restricting transgender participation in sports. The confidence is moderate rather than high because there is no direct evidence of his specific stance on this particular bill in the provided content.
Official websiteMike Rounds
R-South Dakota
Mike Rounds is a Republican senator from South Dakota. The Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act aligns with typical Republican positions on gender and sports issues. However, the public record does not contain explicit statements about this specific bill or direct voting record on similar legislation. The inference is based on: (1) his Republican party affiliation, which generally supports such bills, and (2) his listed priorities focusing on traditional policy areas, but lacking specific evidence of his position on this particular bill. A higher confidence rating is not warranted due to the absence of direct statements or voting record on this specific measure.
Official websiteEric Schmitt
R-Missouri
Based on available information: (1) Eric Schmitt is a Republican Senator from Missouri, and the GOP typically supports measures protecting women's sports from transgender participation; (2) The public record shows Schmitt's focus on traditional conservative priorities and opposition to DEI policies, suggesting alignment with this bill's likely intent; (3) However, no explicit statements about this specific bill appear in the provided content; (4) The website excerpt is limited and doesn't contain direct voting records or detailed policy statements on sports legislation. The 'possible_support' stance reflects Republican party alignment with this bill's general objective, but confidence is moderate due to lack of explicit evidence on this particular measure.
Official websitePete Ricketts
R-Nebraska
Pete Ricketts is a Republican U.S. Senator from Nebraska. His website lists 'Strengthening Families' as a key issue, which aligns with the Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act's stated goals. Republicans have generally supported this bill as it addresses concerns about transgender athlete participation in sports. However, the public record does not contain explicit statements about this specific bill, his voting record on it, or detailed positions on transgender sports policies. The inference is based on his party affiliation, the 'Strengthening Families' priority, and typical Republican positions on this issue, but without direct evidence of his stance on this particular 2025 bill.
Official websiteJames Lankford
R-Oklahoma
The public record does not contain explicit statements about the Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025. However, James Lankford is a Republican senator from Oklahoma, and this bill aligns with typical conservative policy positions regarding transgender athlete participation in sports. Republican senators have generally supported such legislation. Without access to Lankford's specific voting record on this bill, committee statements, or press releases about it, confidence remains moderate. The website content appears to be a generic navigation/template page rather than substantive policy information.
Official websiteMembers whose public record points toward opposition.
Bernie Sanders
I-Vermont
Bernie Sanders is a prominent progressive advocate for LGBTQ+ rights and civil rights protections. The 'Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025' is widely understood to restrict transgender athletes' participation in sports based on sex assigned at birth. Sanders' consistent support for transgender rights and anti-discrimination policies, combined with his progressive voting record on civil rights issues, indicates he would oppose legislation viewed as discriminatory against transgender individuals. While the provided website content doesn't explicitly mention this specific bill, his documented policy positions on LGBTQ+ equality strongly suggest opposition. The confidence is not higher because there is no direct statement about this particular bill in the public record.
Official websiteMembers we are still tracking, but without enough public evidence yet.
Angela Alsobrooks
D-Maryland
Alan Armstrong
R-Oklahoma
Tammy Baldwin
D-Wisconsin
Jim Banks
R-Indiana
John Barrasso
R-Wyoming
Michael Bennet
D-Colorado
Marsha Blackburn
R-Tennessee
Richard Blumenthal
D-Connecticut
Lisa Blunt Rochester
D-Delaware
Cory Booker
D-New Jersey
John Boozman
R-Arkansas
Katie Britt
R-Alabama
Ted Budd
R-North Carolina
Maria Cantwell
D-Washington
Shelley Capito
R-West Virginia
Bill Cassidy
R-Louisiana
Susan Collins
R-Maine
Christopher Coons
D-Delaware
John Cornyn
R-Texas
Catherine Cortez Masto
D-Nevada
Tom Cotton
R-Arkansas
Kevin Cramer
R-North Dakota
Mike Crapo
R-Idaho
Ted Cruz
R-Texas
John Curtis
R-Utah
Steve Daines
R-Montana
Tammy Duckworth
D-Illinois
Richard Durbin
D-Illinois
Joni Ernst
R-Iowa
John Fetterman
D-Pennsylvania
Deb Fischer
R-Nebraska
Ruben Gallego
D-Arizona
Kirsten Gillibrand
D-New York
Lindsey Graham
R-South Carolina
Chuck Grassley
R-Iowa
Bill Hagerty
R-Tennessee
Maggie Hassan
D-New Hampshire
Josh Hawley
R-Missouri
Martin Heinrich
D-New Mexico
John Hickenlooper
D-Colorado
Mazie Hirono
D-Hawaii
John Hoeven
R-North Dakota
Jon Husted
R-Ohio
Cindy Hyde-Smith
R-Mississippi
Ron Johnson
R-Wisconsin
James Justice
R-West Virginia
Timothy Kaine
D-Virginia
Mark Kelly
D-Arizona
John Kennedy
R-Louisiana
Andy Kim
D-New Jersey
Angus King
I-Maine
Amy Klobuchar
D-Minnesota
Ben Luján
D-New Mexico
Cynthia Lummis
R-Wyoming
Edward Markey
D-Massachusetts
Roger Marshall
R-Kansas
Mitch McConnell
R-Kentucky
David McCormick
R-Pennsylvania
Jeff Merkley
D-Oregon
Ashley Moody
R-Florida
Jerry Moran
R-Kansas
Markwayne Mullin
R-Oklahoma
Lisa Murkowski
R-Alaska
Christopher Murphy
D-Connecticut
Patty Murray
D-Washington
Jon Ossoff
D-Georgia
Alex Padilla
D-California
Rand Paul
R-Kentucky
Gary Peters
D-Michigan
John Reed
D-Rhode Island
Jacky Rosen
D-Nevada
Marco Rubio
R-Florida
Brian Schatz
D-Hawaii
Adam Schiff
D-California
Charles Schumer
D-New York
Rick Scott
R-Florida
Tim Scott
R-South Carolina
Jeanne Shaheen
D-New Hampshire
Tim Sheehy
R-Montana
Elissa Slotkin
D-Michigan
Tina Smith
D-Minnesota
Dan Sullivan
R-Alaska
John Thune
R-South Dakota
Thomas Tillis
R-North Carolina
Chris Van Hollen
D-Maryland
J. Vance
R-Ohio
Mark Warner
D-Virginia
Raphael Warnock
D-Georgia
Elizabeth Warren
D-Massachusetts
Peter Welch
D-Vermont
Sheldon Whitehouse
D-Rhode Island
Roger Wicker
R-Mississippi
Ron Wyden
D-Oregon
Todd Young
R-Indiana
No position data available yet
Source: cosponsors
83 members formally endorsed
Cosponsored this bill
Source: cosponsors
Cosponsor data and vote records sourced from Congress.gov. Reflects formal legislative actions only.